Three-dimensional reconstructions of electrostatic potential distributions with 1.5-nm resolution using off-axis electron holography

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction experiments were carried out by observing high-resolution 3D electrostatic potential distributions of Pt nanoparticles using off-axis electron holographic tomography. These Pt nanoparticles were mounted on the surfaces of amorphous silicon pillars. In order to realize high-resolution observation, we developed a mechanically stable 3D specimen holder with small specimen drifts and vibrations. From the 3D electrostatic potential distribution data of Pt nanoparticles (2.0?nm in diameter), we obtained the resolution of 1.5?nm.     

Design and evaluation of the interface between carbon nanotubes and natural rubber

To design the interface between carbon nanotubes and natural rubber (NR), a silane coupling agent, bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), was used to modify the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a two‐step method, and the silane‐modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (s‐MWCNTs) were combined with NR by solvent casting. The s‐MWCNTs with an amorphous layer were visualized by transmission electron microscopy, the functional groups of which were confirmed by Raman and Fourier transform infrared analyses, and the functionalization degree was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. The interface between s‐MWCNTs and NR was investigated by Raman analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Raman analysis showed a shift from 1,340 to 1,353 cm⁻¹ of D band of s‐MWCNTs in the NR/s‐MWCNT composite, and FESEM observation indicated that s‐MWCNTs were embedded deeply in NR. All of these results proved that s‐MWCNTs were grafted with TESPT and they reacted with the active double bonds of NR to form a strong interface. The improved interface resulted in an extreme nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and enhanced dynamic mechanical property of NR/s‐MWCNT composite as compared to NR/MWCNT composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Lymphatic transport of a physical mixture of medium-and long-chain TAG in rats

Lymphatic transport of a mixture of medium-chain TAG (MCT) and long-chain TAG (LCT) was studied in lymph-cannulated rats. Animals were administered a test emulsion containing either triolein, tricaprylin, or a 1∶1 mixture of triolein and tricaprylin, and the lymph was collected for 24 h. The lymphatic recovery rate of medium-chain FA (MCFA) was significantly higher in rats given the TAG mixture than in those given MCT alone. The lymphatic recovery rate of long-chain FA (LCFA) also was significantly higher in rats given the TAG mixture than in those given LCT alone. No TAG containing three MCFA (i.e., MCT) was detected, and 37.7% of TAG containing one or two MCFA was detected in the lymph TAG when rats were given the TAG mixture. These results indicate that lymphatic transport of MCFA and LCFA can be modified by the combination of MCT and LCT.     

Headspace volatiles along with other instrumental and sensory analyses as indices of maturation of horse mackerel miso

Development of aroma-active compounds during fermentation in the preparation of fermented fish-meat paste product (fish miso) from horse mackerel meat was quantitatively determined and characterized by olfactometric and organoleptic assessments. The critical ripening time was estimated by quantitative and/or qualitative analyses of volatile compounds, peptides, amino acids, product color, and total phenolics of the fish miso matrix throughout fermentation. The results confirmed that the application of koji for the fermentation of horse mackerel meat to produce fish miso significantly reduced the fishy off odor and promoted the development of highly acceptable fish miso with a nutty, cheesy, and fruity aroma. Ethyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl decanoate, 2-methylpropanal, 3-methylbutanal, 2,3-butanedione, dimethyl trisulfide, and 3-(methylthio) propanal were identified as key odor-active compounds in fish miso prepared from horse mackerel meat. Among the volatiles, 2-methylpropanal, 3-methylbutanal, and 2,3-butanedione were identified to serve as potential indicators of the maturation of fish miso. Amino acid content could also be a potential indicator of maturation of protein-rich, fermented products such as fish miso. In addition, surface color analysis of fish miso revealed a high correlation between sensory attributes and color components. Specifically, r and b values were considered potential indicators of maturation. Practical Application: Variability is a major drawback in fermented products such as fish miso and it requires establishing the optimum ripening time, defined as that providing the aroma attributes qualitatively and quantitatively mostly appreciated by consumers. We have carried out this work for comprehensive determination of the critical ripening time by applying several instrumental and sensory tools including quantitative and/or qualitative analysis of volatile compounds, peptides, amino acids, product color, and total phenolics of the fish miso matrix throughout the fermentation period. The outcome of the present study can be efficiently applied for detection of maturation in similar types of fermented product for large-scale production.     

Comparative study of turbines for wave energy conversion

IlltnductionSeveral of the wave energy devices cuntiy stUdiedin the United kingdom, Japan, POhogal, India and othercountries make use of the principle of the oscillatingwater-air coltUnn for convening wave energy to lowPneqmatic energy Which in tUrn can be converted intomechAncal energy. In this case, the developmellt of a bidirechonal air theme has come lip as an importantProblem. So far, a number of self-rechfying air onnesWith different configurations have been ProPOsed, and a; Wells…     

Discharge of a shock wave from an open end of a tube

IntroductionWhen a Pressure wave such as the shock waveprOPagates along a constant area straight tube andreaches at the open end, an impulsive wave is emittedOutward from the tube exit toward the surrounding areaand causes an impulsive noise laal a sonic boomproduced by a supersonic aircraft. Therefore, someauthors have investigated the discharge of a weakcompression wave from an open end in order to reducethe impulsive noise in relation to'the high speed railWaytUImel in the previous paped'…     

Effect of nonequilibrium condensation of moist air on transonic flow fields

luttoductionMany studies on condensation occwhng in the caseof the rapid expansion of moist air mr steam in asupersonic nozzle have been performed experimentallyand numerically, and the characteristics of condensationhave been nearly clchfiedll4]. Schnerr et al.[5] and lriya atal.le] investigated the effect of condensation on thestrength of shock wave on suiface of wing, drag and liftnumerically. However, the. effect of condensation on theshock wave on s~e of wing and talulences behindshock wa…     

Temperature distribution on inclined plate caused by interaction with supersonic jet

IntroductionThe phenomena of the impingement of a supersonicjet on a solid obstacle is very interesting and importantin relation to the aeronautical and other industrialengineerings[']-l']. A large number of papers hadconcerned with the impingement on a perpendicularplate and evidenced the flow phenomena and thepressure distribuhon on a plate and so on. However, theinvestigation of the impingement on an inclined platecan only be found in merely several papers['-']. Ih thesestudies, it is menti…